Study rock layers and sedimentary processes
221
Sub Topics
597
MCQs
327
MCOs
467
True/False
276
Fill Blanks
95
Rearrange
252
Matching
143
Comprehensions
250
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Stratigraphy and Sedimentology 3 topics
1 Historical Development
- Early concepts and pioneers
- Evolution of stratigraphic principles
2 Relationship Between Stratigraphy and Sedimentology
- Complementary nature of the disciplines
- Integrated approaches
3 Basic Terminology and Concepts
- Strata, beds, and laminae
- Depositional environments
- Time and space relationships
02 Sedimentary Particles and Textures 4 topics
1 Grain Types and Origin
- Terrigenous particles
- Biogenic particles
- Chemical precipitates
2 Grain Size Analysis
- Phi scale and Wentworth classification
- Grain size distribution parameters
- Measurement techniques
3 Grain Morphology
- Roundness and sphericity
- Surface textures
- Fabric and orientation
4 Textural Maturity
- Clay content
- Sorting
- Roundness
- Mineral stability
03 Sedimentary Structures 3 topics
1 Primary Structures
- Bedding and lamination
- Cross-stratification
- Graded bedding
- Ripples and dunes
2 Biogenic Structures
- Bioturbation
- Trace fossils and ichnofacies
- Biogenic mounds and reefs
3 Secondary Structures
- Soft-sediment deformation
- Load casts and flame structures
- Syneresis cracks
- Diagenetic structures
04 Sedimentary Petrology 3 topics
1 Siliciclastic Rocks
- Conglomerates and breccias
- Sandstones
- Mudrocks
2 Carbonate Rocks
- Limestone classification systems
- Dolomites
- Evaporites
3 Other Sedimentary Rocks
- Phosphorites
- Ironstones
- Cherts
- Organic-rich rocks and coal
05 Diagenesis 4 topics
1 Physical Diagenesis
- Compaction
- Pressure solution
2 Chemical Diagenesis
- Cementation
- Dissolution
- Recrystallization
- Replacement
3 Diagenetic Environments
- Eogenesis (early diagenesis)
- Mesogenesis (burial diagenesis)
- Telogenesis (uplift-related diagenesis)
4 Porosity and Permeability Evolution
- Primary porosity
- Secondary porosity
- Porosity reduction mechanisms
- Porosity enhancement mechanisms
06 Facies Analysis 4 topics
1 Facies Concept
- Definitions and applications
- Walther's Law
2 Facies Descriptions and Interpretations
- Lithofacies
- Biofacies
- Ichnofacies
- Microfacies
3 Facies Associations and Models
- Vertical and lateral relationships
- Environmental interpretations
- Facies mapping techniques
4 Paleogeographic Reconstruction
- Methods and approaches
- Limitations and uncertainties
07 Stratigraphic Principles and Classification 4 topics
1 Fundamental Principles
- Principle of superposition
- Principle of original horizontality
- Principle of lateral continuity
- Principle of cross-cutting relationships
2 Lithostratigraphy
- Formation concept
- Members and beds
- Groups and supergroups
- Type sections and reference sections
3 Biostratigraphy
- Biostratigraphic units (biozones)
- Index fossils
- Range zones and assemblage zones
- Correlation techniques
4 Chronostratigraphy
- Global chronostratigraphic scale
- Stages and series
- Systems and erathems
- Chronostratigraphic correlation
08 Time in Stratigraphy 4 topics
1 Relative Time
- Stratigraphic succession
- Fossil succession
2 Numerical (Absolute) Time
- Radiometric dating methods
- Magnetostratigraphy
- Cyclostratigraphy
3 Time Scales
- The Geological Time Scale
- Calibration techniques
- Resolution and uncertainty
4 Time-Rock Relationships
- Diachronism
- Hiatus and unconformities
- Time-transgressive facies
09 Sequence Stratigraphy 5 topics
1 Basic Concepts
- Accommodation space
- Base level changes
- Systems tracts
2 Sequence Boundaries
- Types and recognition
- Correlative conformities
3 Sea-Level Changes
- Eustasy
- Relative sea-level change
- Orders of cyclicity
4 Depositional Sequences
- Highstand systems tract
- Transgressive systems tract
- Lowstand systems tract
- Falling stage systems tract
5 Parasequences and Stacking Patterns
- Parasequence definition
- Retrogradational patterns
- Aggradational patterns
- Progradational patterns
10 Continental Depositional Environments 4 topics
1 Alluvial Systems
- Braided rivers
- Meandering rivers
- Alluvial fans
- Floodplains
2 Lacustrine Environments
- Lake types and classifications
- Lake-margin facies
- Profundal facies
- Evaporitic lakes
3 Eolian Environments
- Dune types and morphology
- Interdune deposits
- Loess deposits
- Ancient eolian systems
4 Glacial Environments
- Glacial sediment transport
- Till and tillites
- Glaciofluvial and glaciolacustrine deposits
- Periglacial features
11 Marginal Marine Environments 4 topics
1 Deltas
- Delta morphology and classification
- Delta front, slope, and prodelta
- Distributary channels and mouth bars
- Delta plain environments
2 Estuaries and Lagoons
- Estuarine processes and facies
- Barrier-lagoon systems
- Tidal flats and marshes
3 Beaches and Barriers
- Beach morphology and zonation
- Barrier island systems
- Beach ridge and cheniers
4 Tidal Environments
- Tidal channels and inlets
- Tidal flats
- Tidal sand bodies
- Tidal rhythmites
12 Marine Depositional Environments 4 topics
1 Shallow Marine Siliciclastic Settings
- Shoreface and foreshore
- Inner and outer shelf
- Storm deposits (tempestites)
- Shelf sand bodies
2 Carbonate Platforms and Reefs
- Rimmed shelves
- Ramps
- Reef types and zonation
- Platform evolution models
3 Deep Marine Environments
- Submarine fans
- Slope deposits
- Contourites
- Pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation
4 Oceanic Anoxic Events
- Causes and characteristics
- Black shale deposition
- Global significance
13 Basin Analysis 4 topics
1 Basin Types and Formation
- Extensional basins
- Foreland basins
- Strike-slip basins
- Intracratonic basins
2 Basin Fill Patterns
- Underfilled vs. overfilled basins
- Provenance studies
- Compositional trends
- Stratigraphic architecture
3 Subsidence Analysis
- Backstripping techniques
- Tectonic subsidence
- Thermal subsidence
- Flexural subsidence
4 Basin Modeling
- Burial history
- Thermal history
- Hydrocarbon generation and migration
- Resource evaluation
14 Stratigraphic Correlation 4 topics
1 Surface Methods
- Field mapping techniques
- Measured sections
- Marker beds and key surfaces
2 Subsurface Methods
- Well logs and correlation
- Seismic stratigraphy
- Core analysis
3 Regional Correlation
- Cross-section construction
- Fence diagrams
- Isopach and lithofacies maps
4 Global Correlation
- Event stratigraphy
- Chemostratigraphy
- Climatostratigraphy
15 Earth History and Stratigraphic Record 4 topics
1 Precambrian Stratigraphy
- Archean sedimentary record
- Proterozoic successions
- Snowball Earth episodes
2 Paleozoic Stratigraphy
- Major transgressive-regressive cycles
- Paleozoic reef evolution
- End-Permian extinction
3 Mesozoic Stratigraphy
- Pangea breakup record
- Cretaceous ocean anoxic events
- K-Pg boundary
4 Cenozoic Stratigraphy
- Paleogene hyperthermals
- Neogene cooling trends
- Quaternary glacial-interglacial cycles
16 Applied Stratigraphy and Sedimentology 4 topics
1 Hydrocarbon Exploration
- Source rocks
- Reservoir rocks
- Seal rocks
- Traps and plays
2 Groundwater Resources
- Aquifer characterization
- Aquitards and aquicludes
- Paleohydrology
3 Mineral Resources
- Placer deposits
- Sedimentary ore deposits
- Industrial minerals
4 Engineering Applications
- Foundation stability
- Landslide susceptibility
- Dam site evaluation
17 Modern Techniques in Stratigraphy and Sedimentology 4 topics
1 Geochemical Methods
- Stable isotopes
- Trace elements
- Organic geochemistry
- Clumped isotopes
2 Advanced Imaging Techniques
- CT scanning
- SEM and TEM
- Cathodoluminescence
- Element mapping
3 Remote Sensing Applications
- Satellite imagery
- LiDAR
- Ground-penetrating radar
4 Numerical Modeling
- Process modeling
- Forward stratigraphic modeling
- Inverse modeling techniques
- Machine learning applications
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Stratigraphy and Sedimentology
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