Study civil wrongs and personal injury law
Available on iPhone/iPad and Android
Tort Law is available on both platforms
iPhone/iPad: download the single MasterNow app from the App Store — Tort Law is included with all subjects. Android: download the dedicated Tort Law subject app from Google Play.
258
Sub Topics
665
MCQs
320
MCOs
552
True/False
308
Fill Blanks
103
Rearrange
280
Matching
161
Comprehensions
281
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Tort Law 5 topics
1 Historical Development of Tort Law
- Origins in English Common Law
- Evolution of Modern Tort Law
2 Functions and Purposes of Tort Law
- Compensation for Injury
- Deterrence of Wrongful Conduct
- Loss Distribution
- Civil Recourse and Corrective Justice
3 Relationship to Other Areas of Law
- Tort Law vs. Criminal Law
- Tort Law vs. Contract Law
- Tort Law vs. Property Law
4 Sources of Tort Law
- Common Law Principles
- Statutory Interventions
- Restatements of Torts
5 Basic Concepts and Terminology
- Duty
- Breach
- Causation
- Damages
- Liability
02 Intentional Torts to Persons 5 topics
1 Battery
- Elements of Battery
- Intent Requirement
- Harmful or Offensive Contact
- Transferred Intent
2 Assault
- Elements of Assault
- Apprehension of Harmful Contact
- Distinction from Battery
3 False Imprisonment
- Elements of False Imprisonment
- Confinement Requirement
- Knowledge of Confinement
- Merchant's Privilege
4 Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
- Extreme and Outrageous Conduct
- Severe Emotional Distress
- Evolution of IIED Recognition
5 Defenses to Intentional Torts
- Consent
- Self-Defense
- Defense of Others
- Defense of Property
- Necessity (Private and Public)
- Discipline and Authority
03 Intentional Torts to Property 5 topics
1 Trespass to Land
- Elements of Trespass
- Intent Requirement
- Continuing Trespass
- Air and Subsurface Rights
2 Trespass to Chattels
- Elements of Trespass to Chattels
- Damages Requirement
- Digital Trespass Issues
3 Conversion
- Elements of Conversion
- Distinction from Trespass to Chattels
- Remedies for Conversion
4 Private Nuisance
- Elements of Private Nuisance
- Substantial Interference
- Balancing Interests
- Remedies
5 Defenses to Property Torts
- Necessity
- Recapture of Chattels
- License
- Public Privilege
04 Negligence 6 topics
1 Duty of Care
- General Duty to Exercise Reasonable Care
- Special Relationships
- Duty to Control Third Parties
- Duty to Protect from Third Parties
- Premises Liability
- Affirmative Duties
2 Standard of Care
- Reasonable Person Standard
- Professional Standards
- Children and Mental Capacity
- Statutes and Regulations
- Custom and Industry Practice
3 Breach of Duty
- Determining Breach
- Risk-Utility Analysis
- Res Ipsa Loquitur
- Negligence Per Se
4 Causation
- Actual Cause (Cause-in-Fact)
- But-For Test
- Substantial Factor Test
- Alternative Causation
- Market Share Liability
- Proximate Cause (Legal Cause)
- Foreseeability Test
- Risk Rule
- Intervening and Superseding Causes
5 Damages in Negligence
- Compensatory Damages
- Economic Damages
- Non-Economic Damages
- Nominal Damages
- Mitigation of Damages
6 Defenses to Negligence
- Contributory Negligence
- Comparative Negligence (Pure and Modified)
- Assumption of Risk
- Immunities
- Statutes of Limitations
05 Special Negligence Doctrines 6 topics
1 Negligent Infliction of Emotional Distress
- Physical Impact Rule
- Zone of Danger Rule
- Bystander Recovery
2 Medical Malpractice
- Standard of Care
- Informed Consent
- Loss of Chance Doctrine
3 Legal Malpractice
- Elements of Legal Malpractice
- Proving the "Case Within a Case"
4 Negligent Hiring, Supervision, and Retention
- Employer's Duty to Investigate
- Ongoing Supervision Duties
5 Wrongful Death and Survival Actions
- Statutory Basis
- Eligible Plaintiffs
- Recoverable Damages
6 Landowner Liability
- Trespasser, Licensee, Invitee Classifications
- Modern Approaches to Premises Liability
- Attractive Nuisance Doctrine
06 Strict Liability and Products Liability 4 topics
1 Strict Liability Principles
- Rationale for Strict Liability
- Abnormally Dangerous Activities
- Wild and Domestic Animals
- Statutory Strict Liability
2 Products Liability
- Historical Development
- Manufacturing Defects
- Design Defects
- Consumer Expectations Test
- Risk-Utility Test
- Warning Defects (Failure to Warn)
- Implied Warranty Theories
- Express Warranty Claims
3 Parties in Products Liability
- Manufacturers
- Component Part Manufacturers
- Distributors and Retailers
- Used Product Sellers
4 Defenses in Products Liability
- Product Misuse
- Alteration of Product
- State of the Art
- Compliance with Regulations
- Preemption
- Useful Safe Life and Statutes of Repose
07 Vicarious and Joint Liability 4 topics
1 Vicarious Liability
- Respondeat Superior
- Scope of Employment
- Independent Contractor Exception
- Borrowed Servant Doctrine
- Apparent Agency
2 Joint and Several Liability
- Traditional Approach
- Modern Statutory Modifications
- Several Liability
- Joint and Several Liability with Comparative Fault
3 Joint Tortfeasors
- Concerted Action
- Alternative Liability
- Enterprise Liability
- Market Share Liability
4 Contribution and Indemnity
- Right of Contribution
- Contractual Indemnity
- Equitable Indemnity
08 Defamation and Privacy Torts 4 topics
1 Defamation
- Elements of Defamation
- Libel vs. Slander
- Publication Requirement
- Defamatory Statement
- Public vs. Private Figures
- Actual Malice Standard
2 Defenses to Defamation
- Truth
- Absolute Privilege
- Qualified Privilege
- Fair Comment and Criticism
- Section 230 Immunity
3 Privacy Torts
- Intrusion Upon Seclusion
- Public Disclosure of Private Facts
- False Light
- Appropriation of Name or Likeness
- Right of Publicity
4 Modern Privacy Concerns
- Data Privacy
- Digital Communications
- Surveillance Issues
09 Business Torts 5 topics
1 Tortious Interference
- Interference with Contract
- Interference with Business Relations
- Competitor's Privilege
2 Fraud and Misrepresentation
- Intentional Misrepresentation
- Negligent Misrepresentation
- Concealment
- Reliance and Damages
3 Trade Libel and Disparagement
- Product Disparagement
- Trade Libel
- Special Damages Requirement
4 Unfair Competition
- Passing Off
- Deceptive Trade Practices
- False Advertising
5 Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
- Definition of Trade Secret
- Improper Acquisition
- Remedies
10 Nuisance and Environmental Torts 5 topics
1 Public Nuisance
- Elements of Public Nuisance
- Standing to Sue
- Remedies
- Public Nuisance as Mass Tort
2 Private Nuisance
- Substantial Interference
- Unreasonableness
- Balancing Interests
3 Toxic Torts
- Proof of Exposure
- Causation Challenges
- Scientific Evidence Issues
- Medical Monitoring
4 Environmental Damage
- Trespass Theories
- Nuisance Theories
- Statutory Environmental Claims
5 Mass Torts and Class Actions
- Aggregation of Claims
- Class Certification Requirements
- Multidistrict Litigation
11 Damages in Tort Law 5 topics
1 Compensatory Damages
- Economic Damages
- Medical Expenses
- Lost Earnings
- Property Damage
- Future Economic Loss
- Non-Economic Damages
- Pain and Suffering
- Emotional Distress
- Loss of Enjoyment of Life
- Loss of Consortium
2 Punitive Damages
- Standards for Awarding
- Constitutional Limitations
- Ratio to Compensatory Damages
- Insurability of Punitive Damages
3 Nominal Damages
- Purpose and Function
- When Awarded
4 Calculation of Damages
- Present Value
- Life Expectancy Tables
- Inflation Considerations
- Periodic Payments
5 Limitations on Damages
- Statutory Caps
- Collateral Source Rule
- Taxation of Damages
12 Tort Reform and Contemporary Issues 5 topics
1 Tort Reform Legislation
- Damages Caps
- Joint and Several Liability Reform
- Collateral Source Rule Modifications
- Punitive Damages Limitations
2 Medical Malpractice Reform
- Screening Panels
- Certificate of Merit Requirements
- Periodic Payment Provisions
3 Mass Tort Litigation
- Multidistrict Litigation (MDL)
- Class Actions
- Bellwether Trials
- Settlement Procedures
4 Emerging Areas in Tort Law
- Cybertorts
- Autonomous Vehicle Liability
- Artificial Intelligence Liability
- Climate Change Litigation
- Social Media Liability
5 International Perspectives
- Comparative Tort Law
- Harmonization Efforts
- Cross-Border Torts
13 Tort Law Practice and Procedure 6 topics
1 Initial Case Evaluation
- Statutes of Limitations
- Identifying Proper Parties
- Jurisdictional Issues
2 Pre-Litigation Investigation
- Expert Consultations
- Document Preservation
- Witness Interviews
3 Pleadings in Tort Cases
- Complaint Drafting
- Responsive Pleadings
- Amendments
4 Discovery in Tort Litigation
- Document Requests
- Interrogatories
- Depositions
- Expert Discovery
5 Alternative Dispute Resolution
- Mediation
- Arbitration
- Settlement Conferences
6 Trial Preparation and Strategy
- Jury Selection
- Opening Statements
- Witness Preparation
- Demonstrative Evidence
- Closing Arguments
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