Study government finance and public budgeting

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Public Finance is available on both platforms

iPhone/iPad: download the single MasterNow app from the App Store — Public Finance is included with all subjects. Android: download the dedicated Public Finance subject app from Google Play.

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Flashcard Decks
Curriculum

What You'll Learn

01 Introduction to Public Finance
4 topics
1 Nature and Scope of Public Finance
  • Definition and Characteristics
  • Public Finance vs. Private Finance
  • Historical Development of Public Finance
2 Economic Functions of Government
  • Allocation Function
  • Distribution Function
  • Stabilization Function
  • Growth and Development Function
3 Theoretical Foundations of Public Finance
  • Public Goods Theory
  • Market Failure Concept
  • Public Choice Theory
4 Public Finance in Developing vs. Developed Economies
  • Structural Differences
  • Developmental Priorities
02 Public Revenue
5 topics
1 Sources of Public Revenue
  • Tax Revenue
  • Non-Tax Revenue
  • Capital Receipts
2 Principles of Taxation
  • Canonical Principles (Equity, Certainty, Convenience, Economy)
  • Modern Principles (Neutrality, Simplicity, Economic Growth)
  • Maximum Social Advantage
3 Classification of Taxes
  • Direct vs. Indirect Taxes
  • Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes
  • Specific vs. Ad Valorem Taxes
4 Major Tax Systems
  • Income Tax (Personal and Corporate)
  • Property Tax
  • Value Added Tax/Sales Tax
  • Excise Duties
  • Customs Duties
  • Capital Gains Tax
5 Modern Tax Issues
  • International Tax Competition
  • Digital Taxation
  • Environmental Taxes
  • Wealth Taxes
03 Tax Incidence and Effects
4 topics
1 Theory of Tax Incidence
  • Formal vs. Effective Incidence
  • Partial Equilibrium Analysis
  • General Equilibrium Analysis
2 Shifting and Impact of Taxes
  • Forward and Backward Shifting
  • Factors Affecting Tax Shifting
  • Measurement of Tax Burden
3 Economic Effects of Taxation
  • Effects on Production
  • Effects on Distribution
  • Effects on Consumption
  • Effects on Savings and Investment
4 Excess Burden of Taxation
  • Deadweight Loss Concept
  • Measurement of Excess Burden
  • Minimizing Excess Burden
04 Public Expenditure
5 topics
1 Theories of Public Expenditure
  • Wagner's Law
  • Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis
  • Baumol's Cost Disease
2 Classification of Public Expenditure
  • Functional Classification
  • Economic Classification
  • Cross-Classification Approach
3 Growth of Public Expenditure
  • Historical Trends
  • Causes of Growth
  • Control Mechanisms
4 Effects of Public Expenditure
  • Effects on Production
  • Effects on Distribution
  • Effects on Economic Stability
  • Effects on Economic Growth
5 Evaluation of Public Expenditure
  • Performance Budgeting
  • Zero-Based Budgeting
  • Outcome Budgeting
05 Public Debt and Fiscal Deficit
5 topics
1 Nature and Types of Public Debt
  • Internal vs. External Debt
  • Marketable vs. Non-Marketable Debt
  • Short-term vs. Long-term Debt
2 Theories of Public Debt
  • Classical Theory
  • Keynesian Theory
  • Ricardian Equivalence
3 Public Debt Management
  • Objectives of Debt Management
  • Debt Servicing
  • Debt Retirement
  • Debt Restructuring
4 Fiscal Deficit
  • Types of Deficits (Primary, Revenue, Fiscal)
  • Measurement of Deficits
  • Financing of Deficits
5 Economic Effects of Public Debt
  • Effects on Consumption
  • Effects on Investment
  • Intergenerational Equity Issues
  • Debt Sustainability Analysis
06 Fiscal Policy
5 topics
1 Objectives and Instruments of Fiscal Policy
  • Economic Stabilization
  • Resource Allocation
  • Economic Growth
  • Income Distribution
2 Types of Fiscal Policy
  • Expansionary Fiscal Policy
  • Contractionary Fiscal Policy
  • Neutral Fiscal Policy
3 Fiscal Policy and Economic Stabilization
  • Built-in Stabilizers
  • Discretionary Fiscal Policy
  • Timing Issues in Fiscal Policy
4 Fiscal Policy Coordination
  • Fiscal-Monetary Policy Coordination
  • International Fiscal Coordination
  • Federal-State Fiscal Relations
5 Fiscal Rules and Fiscal Responsibility
  • Balanced Budget Rules
  • Debt Ceiling Rules
  • Expenditure Rules
  • Fiscal Responsibility Legislation
07 Fiscal Federalism
5 topics
1 Theory of Fiscal Federalism
  • First-Generation Theory
  • Second-Generation Theory
  • Principles of Assignment of Functions
2 Assignment of Taxing Powers
  • Criteria for Tax Assignment
  • Tax Competition vs. Tax Harmonization
  • Issues in Overlapping Tax Jurisdictions
3 Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers
  • Types of Transfers (Conditional, Unconditional)
  • Formula-Based vs. Discretionary Transfers
  • Equalization Transfers
4 Local Government Finance
  • Sources of Local Revenue
  • Local Expenditure Responsibilities
  • Municipal Borrowing
5 Fiscal Decentralization
  • Benefits and Costs
  • Measuring Fiscal Decentralization
  • International Experiences
08 Public Budgeting
5 topics
1 Budget Concepts and Principles
  • Budget Definition and Characteristics
  • Budget Functions
  • Budgetary Principles
2 Budget Systems
  • Line-Item Budgeting
  • Performance Budgeting
  • Program Budgeting (PPBS)
  • Zero-Based Budgeting
  • Outcome-Based Budgeting
3 Budget Process
  • Budget Preparation
  • Budget Legislation
  • Budget Execution
  • Budget Reporting and Audit
4 Budget Reforms
  • Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
  • Participatory Budgeting
  • Gender Budgeting
  • Green Budgeting
5 Budget Analysis and Evaluation
  • Financial Analysis
  • Economic Analysis
  • Policy Analysis
09 Public Economics and Welfare
5 topics
1 Social Welfare Function
  • Benthamite Social Welfare Function
  • Rawlsian Social Welfare Function
  • Social Choice Theory
2 Market Failures and Government Intervention
  • Public Goods and Externalities
  • Information Asymmetry
  • Natural Monopolies
  • Income Distribution
3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
  • Principles and Methodology
  • Shadow Pricing
  • Discounting Techniques
  • Decision Criteria
4 Public Sector Pricing
  • Marginal Cost Pricing
  • Average Cost Pricing
  • Peak-Load Pricing
  • Multi-Part Tariffs
5 Social Insurance and Safety Nets
  • Social Security Systems
  • Health Insurance
  • Unemployment Insurance
  • Welfare Programs
10 Public Choice and Political Economy
5 topics
1 Theoretical Foundations
  • Rational Choice Theory
  • Collective Action Problem
  • Median Voter Theorem
2 Political Institutions and Fiscal Outcomes
  • Electoral Systems
  • Legislative Structure
  • Bureaucratic Behavior
3 Rent-Seeking and Interest Groups
  • Theory of Rent-Seeking
  • Lobbying and Campaign Finance
  • Economic Costs of Rent-Seeking
4 Political Business Cycles
  • Opportunistic Models
  • Partisan Models
  • Empirical Evidence
5 Fiscal Illusion and Transparency
  • Forms of Fiscal Illusion
  • Fiscal Transparency Measures
  • Budget Institutions and Fiscal Performance
11 International Public Finance
5 topics
1 International Tax Issues
  • Double Taxation
  • Tax Havens and Offshore Finance
  • Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
  • International Tax Cooperation
2 Global Public Goods
  • Characteristics and Types
  • Financing Mechanisms
  • Governance Challenges
3 Foreign Aid and Development Finance
  • Types and Sources of Aid
  • Aid Effectiveness
  • Innovative Financing Mechanisms
4 International Monetary and Financial Institutions
  • IMF and World Bank
  • Regional Development Banks
  • Sovereign Wealth Funds
5 Economic Integration and Fiscal Policy
  • Fiscal Aspects of Trade Agreements
  • Currency Unions and Fiscal Coordination
  • Tax Harmonization Challenges
12 Contemporary Issues in Public Finance
5 topics
1 Public Finance and Economic Crisis
  • Fiscal Response to Financial Crises
  • Austerity vs. Stimulus Debate
  • Fiscal Consolidation Strategies
2 Aging Population and Public Finance
  • Demographic Challenges
  • Pension System Sustainability
  • Healthcare Financing Challenges
3 Public-Private Partnerships
  • Models and Structures
  • Risk Allocation
  • Value for Money Assessment
  • Regulatory Framework
4 Digital Economy and Public Finance
  • Taxation of Digital Services
  • Cryptocurrencies and Tax Implications
  • Digital Public Services
5 Climate Change and Green Finance
  • Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
  • Climate Finance Instruments
  • Fiscal Implications of Climate Adaptation
  • Green Budgeting and Accounting
13 Public Finance Research Methodology
5 topics
1 Data Sources in Public Finance
  • Government Finance Statistics
  • National Accounts Data
  • Survey Data
2 Quantitative Methods
  • Regression Analysis
  • Time Series Analysis
  • Panel Data Methods
  • Computable General Equilibrium Models
3 Qualitative Methods
  • Case Studies
  • Comparative Analysis
  • Historical Analysis
4 Experimental Methods
  • Lab Experiments
  • Field Experiments
  • Natural Experiments
5 Policy Evaluation
  • Ex-ante Evaluation
  • Ex-post Evaluation
  • Impact Assessment

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