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395
Sub Topics
1,235
MCQs
684
MCOs
918
True/False
504
Fill Blanks
189
Rearrange
494
Matching
273
Comprehensions
462
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Microbiology 3 topics
1 History of Microbiology
- Early observations and spontaneous generation
- Germ theory of disease
- Golden age of microbiology
- Modern microbiology
2 Scope and Relevance of Microbiology
- Medical microbiology
- Environmental microbiology
- Industrial microbiology
- Agricultural microbiology
3 Microorganisms and Their Classification
- Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes
- Major groups of microorganisms
- Taxonomic classification systems
- Phylogenetic relationships
02 Microscopy and Cell Biology 3 topics
1 Principles of Microscopy
- Light microscopy
- Electron microscopy
- Fluorescence microscopy
- Confocal microscopy
- Atomic force microscopy
2 Staining Techniques
- Simple stains
- Differential stains (Gram, acid-fast)
- Special stains (capsule, spore, flagella)
- Fluorescent stains
3 Cell Structure and Function
- Prokaryotic cell structure
- Eukaryotic cell structure
- Comparison of cell types
- Size, shape, and arrangement of bacterial cells
03 Bacterial Cell Structure 3 topics
1 Cell Envelope
- Cytoplasmic membrane
- Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
- Gram-positive cell walls
- Gram-negative cell walls
- Mycobacterial cell walls
2 External Structures
- Capsules and slime layers
- S-layers
- Flagella and motility
- Pili and fimbriae
3 Internal Structures
- Cytoplasm and cytosol
- Ribosomes
- Inclusions and storage granules
- Endospores
- Plasmids and other genetic elements
- Nucleoid
04 Microbial Nutrition and Growth 3 topics
1 Nutritional Requirements
- Carbon sources
- Nitrogen sources
- Energy sources
- Growth factors
- Nutritional classification of microorganisms
2 Environmental Factors Affecting Growth
- Temperature
- pH
- Water availability and osmotic pressure
- Oxygen requirements
- Pressure
- Radiation
3 Growth Dynamics
- Binary fission and generation time
- Growth curve
- Batch culture vs. continuous culture
- Measurement of microbial growth
- Synchronous growth
05 Microbial Metabolism 4 topics
1 Enzymes and Bioenergetics
- Enzyme structure and function
- Enzyme kinetics
- Regulation of enzyme activity
- ATP and energy currency
2 Catabolism
- Glycolysis
- TCA cycle
- Electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation
- Fermentation pathways
- Anaerobic respiration
3 Anabolism
- Carbohydrate biosynthesis
- Lipid biosynthesis
- Amino acid biosynthesis
- Nucleotide biosynthesis
4 Unique Metabolic Pathways
- Photosynthesis in microorganisms
- Chemolithotrophy
- C1 metabolism
- Nitrogen metabolism
06 Microbial Genetics 4 topics
1 Genome Organization
- Chromosomal DNA
- Plasmids
- Transposable elements
- Viral genomes
2 DNA Replication
- Mechanism of DNA replication
- DNA polymerases
- Replication origin and termination
- Differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication
3 Gene Expression
- Transcription
- Translation
- Post-translational modifications
- Protein secretion
4 Regulation of Gene Expression
- Operons and regulons
- Positive and negative regulation
- Global regulatory systems
- Two-component regulatory systems
- Quorum sensing
07 Genetic Variation and Mutation 4 topics
1 Types of Mutations
- Point mutations
- Insertions and deletions
- Frame shifts
- Chromosomal rearrangements
2 Causes of Mutations
- Spontaneous mutations
- Chemical mutagens
- Physical mutagens
- Transposons
3 DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Direct repair
- Excision repair
- Mismatch repair
- Recombinational repair
- SOS response
4 Horizontal Gene Transfer
- Transformation
- Conjugation
- Transduction
- Gene transfer agents
- Implications for microbial evolution
08 Microbial Genomics and Biotechnology 4 topics
1 Genomics and Bioinformatics
- Genome sequencing technologies
- Comparative genomics
- Functional genomics
- Metagenomics
2 Recombinant DNA Technology
- Restriction enzymes
- Vectors and cloning
- Polymerase chain reaction
- DNA sequencing
3 Gene Editing and Synthetic Biology
- CRISPR-Cas systems
- Genome editing techniques
- Synthetic genomes
- Minimal genomes
4 Industrial Applications
- Enzyme production
- Biofuels
- Biopharmaceuticals
- Biosensors
- Bioremediation
09 Virology 5 topics
1 Virus Structure and Classification
- Virus components
- Viral symmetry
- Enveloped vs. non-enveloped viruses
- Baltimore classification system
2 Bacteriophages
- Lytic cycle
- Lysogenic cycle
- Phage typing
- Phage therapy
3 Animal Viruses
- DNA viruses (Herpesviridae, Poxviridae, etc.)
- RNA viruses (Orthomyxoviridae, Coronaviridae, etc.)
- Retroviruses
- Emerging viruses
4 Plant Viruses
- Transmission mechanisms
- Economic impact
- Major plant viral diseases
5 Subviral Agents
- Viroids
- Prions
- Satellite viruses
10 Eukaryotic Microorganisms 4 topics
1 Fungi
- Fungal structure and reproduction
- Classification of fungi
- Medical mycology
- Fungal ecology
- Industrial mycology
2 Protozoa
- Structure and classification
- Locomotion and feeding
- Life cycles
- Medical protozoology
- Ecological roles
3 Algae
- Structure and classification
- Photosynthetic mechanisms
- Reproduction
- Ecological importance
- Harmful algal blooms
4 Helminths
- Nematodes
- Trematodes
- Cestodes
- Life cycles
- Pathogenesis
11 Microbial Ecology 4 topics
1 Microbial Habitats
- Terrestrial ecosystems
- Aquatic ecosystems
- Extreme environments
- Host-associated habitats
2 Microbial Interactions
- Commensalism
- Mutualism
- Parasitism and predation
- Competition
- Syntrophy
3 Biogeochemical Cycles
- Carbon cycle
- Nitrogen cycle
- Sulfur cycle
- Phosphorus cycle
- Iron cycle
4 Microbial Communities
- Biofilms
- Microbial mats
- Soil microbiomes
- Aquatic microbiomes
- Community analysis methods
12 Host-Microbe Interactions 3 topics
1 Normal Microbiota
- Human microbiome
- Gut microbiota
- Skin microbiota
- Respiratory tract microbiota
- Urogenital microbiota
2 Symbiotic Relationships
- Plant-microbe symbioses
- Animal-microbe symbioses
- Insect endosymbionts
- Rumen microbiota
3 Principles of Infection
- Routes of entry
- Adhesion mechanisms
- Colonization strategies
- Invasion mechanisms
- Dissemination within host
13 Bacterial Pathogenesis 4 topics
1 Virulence Factors
- Adhesins
- Invasins
- Capsules and biofilms
- Secretion systems
2 Toxins
- Exotoxins
- Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides)
- Superantigens
- Membrane-damaging toxins
- Enzymatic toxins
3 Regulation of Virulence
- Environmental sensing
- Quorum sensing in pathogenesis
- Two-component systems
- Stress responses
4 Host Evasion Mechanisms
- Capsule protection
- Antigenic variation
- Immune system subversion
- Intracellular survival
14 Host Defense Mechanisms 4 topics
1 Innate Immunity
- Anatomical barriers
- Phagocytosis
- Complement system
- Toll-like receptors
- Inflammasomes
- Antimicrobial peptides
2 Adaptive Immunity
- B cells and humoral immunity
- T cells and cell-mediated immunity
- Antigen presentation
- Memory response
- Mucosal immunity
3 Immunopathology
- Hypersensitivity reactions
- Autoimmunity
- Immunodeficiency
- Cytokine storm
4 Vaccines
- Types of vaccines
- Vaccine development
- Herd immunity
- Adjuvants
- Challenges in vaccine development
15 Clinical Microbiology 4 topics
1 Specimen Collection and Processing
- Specimen types
- Collection methods
- Transport media
- Storage conditions
2 Laboratory Diagnosis
- Microscopy in clinical diagnostics
- Culture techniques
- Biochemical identification
- Serological methods
- Molecular diagnostics
- MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry
3 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
- Disk diffusion method
- Broth dilution method
- E-test
- Automated systems
- Molecular detection of resistance
4 Epidemiological Typing
- Serotyping
- Phage typing
- Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
- Multilocus sequence typing
- Whole genome sequencing
16 Antimicrobial Agents 4 topics
1 Antibacterial Agents
- Cell wall inhibitors
- Protein synthesis inhibitors
- Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
- Metabolic pathway inhibitors
- Membrane-active agents
2 Antifungal Agents
- Polyenes
- Azoles
- Echinocandins
- Other antifungal agents
3 Antiviral Agents
- Viral entry inhibitors
- Viral polymerase inhibitors
- Protease inhibitors
- Neuraminidase inhibitors
- Interferon and immune modulators
4 Antiparasitic Agents
- Antiprotozoal drugs
- Anthelmintic drugs
- Mechanisms of action
- Drug resistance
17 Antimicrobial Resistance 4 topics
1 Mechanisms of Resistance
- Enzymatic inactivation
- Target modification
- Reduced permeability
- Efflux pumps
- Bypass mechanisms
2 Genetics of Resistance
- Chromosomal mutations
- Horizontal transfer of resistance genes
- Mobile genetic elements
- Integrons and gene cassettes
3 Multidrug Resistance
- Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases
- Carbapenemases
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
- Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
- MDR and XDR tuberculosis
4 Control of Antimicrobial Resistance
- Surveillance systems
- Antibiotic stewardship
- Infection control practices
- New drug development
- Alternative approaches
18 Infectious Diseases 7 topics
1 Respiratory Tract Infections
- Upper respiratory tract infections
- Lower respiratory tract infections
- Tuberculosis
- Respiratory viral infections
2 Gastrointestinal Infections
- Food poisoning
- Gastroenteritis
- Enteric fevers
- Viral hepatitis
- Helicobacter and peptic ulcers
3 Urinary Tract Infections
- Cystitis
- Pyelonephritis
- Catheter-associated UTIs
- Complicated vs. uncomplicated UTIs
4 Sexually Transmitted Infections
- Bacterial STIs
- Viral STIs
- Protozoal STIs
- Epidemiology and control
5 Bloodstream Infections
- Bacteremia
- Sepsis and septic shock
- Endocarditis
- Viral hemorrhagic fevers
6 Central Nervous System Infections
- Meningitis
- Encephalitis
- Brain abscess
- Prion diseases
7 Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
- Impetigo and cellulitis
- Abscesses and wound infections
- Fungal skin infections
- Burn wound infections
19 Epidemiology and Public Health 4 topics
1 Principles of Epidemiology
- Epidemic, endemic, and pandemic
- Disease transmission
- Reservoirs and vectors
- Basic reproduction number
2 Surveillance Systems
- Notifiable disease reporting
- Sentinel surveillance
- Syndromic surveillance
- Molecular surveillance
3 Outbreak Investigation
- Recognition of outbreaks
- Case definitions
- Descriptive epidemiology
- Analytical epidemiology
- Control measures
4 Prevention and Control Strategies
- Vaccination programs
- Vector control
- Sanitation and hygiene
- Food safety practices
- Travel medicine
- Isolation and quarantine
20 Applied and Environmental Microbiology 4 topics
1 Food Microbiology
- Food spoilage
- Food preservation
- Fermented foods
- Probiotics and prebiotics
- Food safety and HACCP
2 Industrial Microbiology
- Industrial fermentation
- Primary and secondary metabolites
- Scale-up processes
- Downstream processing
- Quality control
3 Environmental Microbiology Applications
- Bioremediation
- Wastewater treatment
- Solid waste management
- Drinking water safety
- Microbial fuel cells
4 Agricultural Microbiology
- Plant growth-promoting microorganisms
- Biological nitrogen fixation
- Biocontrol agents
- Mycorrhizal associations
- Biofertilizers
21 Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases 4 topics
1 Factors in Disease Emergence
- Microbial adaptation and change
- Human demographics and behavior
- Environmental changes
- International travel and commerce
- Breakdown of public health measures
2 Zoonotic Diseases
- Animal reservoirs
- Spillover events
- One Health approach
- Major zoonotic pathogens
3 Emerging Viral Diseases
- Novel coronaviruses
- Ebola and Marburg viruses
- Zika virus
- Emerging influenza strains
- Chikungunya and dengue
4 Re-emerging Bacterial Diseases
- Drug-resistant tuberculosis
- Diphtheria
- Pertussis
- Cholera
- Plague
22 Future Directions in Microbiology 4 topics
1 Omics Technologies in Microbiology
- Genomics and transcriptomics
- Proteomics
- Metabolomics
- Culturomics
- Integrative multi-omics approaches
2 Systems Microbiology
- Microbial interactomes
- Metabolic modeling
- Synthetic microbial communities
- Computational approaches
3 Microbiome Research
- Microbiome manipulation
- Microbiome and human health
- Microbiome and agriculture
- Microbiome in extreme environments
4 Novel Therapeutic Approaches
- Phage therapy
- Antimicrobial peptides
- CRISPR-based antimicrobials
- Microbiome-based therapies
- Nanomaterials and microorganisms
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