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Sub Topics
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Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Immunology 3 topics
1 Historical Perspectives of Immunology
- Early discoveries and milestones
- Evolution of immunological concepts
- Key figures in immunology
2 Overview of the Immune System
- Basic functions and purpose
- Innate versus adaptive immunity
- Immunological memory
3 Fundamental Immunological Concepts
- Self versus non-self discrimination
- Pattern recognition
- Clonal selection theory
- Immunological tolerance
02 Cells and Tissues of the Immune System 4 topics
1 Hematopoiesis and Development
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Differentiation pathways
- Growth factors and cytokines in development
2 Immune Cells
- Lymphocytes (B cells, T cells, NK cells)
- Myeloid cells (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
- Dendritic cells
- Mast cells and basophils
- Eosinophils
3 Primary Lymphoid Organs
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
- Bursa of Fabricius (in birds)
4 Secondary Lymphoid Organs
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen
- Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
- Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
- Skin-associated lymphoid tissue (SALT)
03 Innate Immunity 5 topics
1 Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Skin and mucosal surfaces
- Antimicrobial peptides
- pH and chemical defenses
2 Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
- NOD-like receptors (NLRs)
- RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)
- C-type lectin receptors
3 Cellular Components of Innate Immunity
- Neutrophil functions and activation
- Macrophage polarization and functions
- Dendritic cell subsets
- Natural killer cell activation and functions
- Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)
4 Soluble Mediators of Innate Immunity
- Complement system
- Cytokines and chemokines
- Acute phase proteins
- Interferons
5 Inflammation
- Acute inflammation process
- Chronic inflammation
- Resolution of inflammation
- Inflammasomes
04 Antigen Recognition and Presentation 4 topics
1 Antigens
- Properties and classification
- Epitopes and determinants
- Adjuvants
- Superantigens
2 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
- MHC genetics and polymorphism
- MHC class I structure and function
- MHC class II structure and function
- Non-classical MHC molecules
3 Antigen Processing and Presentation
- Endogenous pathway (MHC class I)
- Exogenous pathway (MHC class II)
- Cross-presentation
- Non-conventional antigen presentation
4 T Cell Recognition
- T cell receptor structure
- Co-receptors and accessory molecules
- Immunological synapse
- Signal transduction
05 Adaptive Immunity: T Cells 4 topics
1 T Cell Development
- Thymic selection
- T cell receptor gene rearrangement
- Positive and negative selection
- Central tolerance mechanisms
2 T Cell Differentiation
- CD4+ T helper cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17, Tfh)
- CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
- Regulatory T cells
- Memory T cell formation
3 T Cell Effector Functions
- Cytokine production
- Cell-mediated cytotoxicity
- Help for B cells
- Delayed-type hypersensitivity
4 T Cell Regulation
- Co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways
- Cytokine regulation
- Exhaustion and senescence
- Peripheral tolerance mechanisms
06 Adaptive Immunity: B Cells and Antibodies 4 topics
1 B Cell Development
- B cell receptor gene rearrangement
- B cell selection and central tolerance
- B cell subsets
2 Immunoglobulin Structure and Function
- Antibody classes and subclasses
- Variable and constant regions
- Antigen-binding site
- Effector functions
3 Humoral Immune Response
- T-dependent antibody responses
- T-independent antibody responses
- Affinity maturation
- Somatic hypermutation
- Class switching
4 B Cell Memory
- Memory B cell formation
- Plasma cells and antibody secretion
- Long-lived plasma cells
- Secondary antibody responses
07 Mucosal Immunity 4 topics
1 Mucosal Immune System Organization
- Gut-associated lymphoid tissue
- Respiratory mucosal immunity
- Urogenital mucosal immunity
2 Mucosal Barriers
- Epithelial cells and tight junctions
- Mucus layer
- Secretory IgA
3 Microbiome and Immunity
- Commensal microbiota
- Colonization resistance
- Microbial metabolites and immune regulation
- Dysbiosis and disease
4 Oral Tolerance
- Mechanisms of oral tolerance
- Induction of regulatory T cells
- Food allergies and tolerance breakdown
08 Immune System in Disease 4 topics
1 Hypersensitivity Reactions
- Type I: IgE-mediated (allergies)
- Type II: Antibody-mediated cytotoxicity
- Type III: Immune complex-mediated
- Type IV: Delayed-type/cell-mediated
2 Autoimmunity
- Central and peripheral tolerance breakdown
- Genetic and environmental factors
- Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases
- Systemic autoimmune diseases
3 Immunodeficiency Disorders
- Primary immunodeficiencies
- Secondary immunodeficiencies
- Combined immunodeficiencies
- HIV/AIDS pathogenesis
4 Cancer Immunology
- Tumor antigens
- Immune surveillance
- Immune escape mechanisms
- Cancer immunoediting
09 Immune Response to Infection 4 topics
1 Viral Immunity
- Recognition of viral patterns
- Interferon responses
- Cytotoxic T cell responses
- Antibody neutralization
2 Bacterial Immunity
- Extracellular bacterial defense
- Intracellular bacterial defense
- Bacterial evasion strategies
- Antibiotics and immune response
3 Parasitic Immunity
- Protozoan infections
- Helminth infections
- Th2 responses
- Eosinophil functions
4 Fungal Immunity
- Recognition of fungal patterns
- Antifungal mechanisms
- Th17 responses
- Fungal evasion strategies
10 Immunological Techniques and Applications 4 topics
1 Antibody-Based Techniques
- Immunoprecipitation
- Western blotting
- ELISA
- Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence
2 Cell-Based Techniques
- Flow cytometry
- Cell sorting
- Cytotoxicity assays
- ELISpot
3 Molecular Techniques in Immunology
- PCR and RT-PCR for immune genes
- Next-generation sequencing applications
- Single-cell technologies
- Immune repertoire analysis
4 Animal Models in Immunology
- Transgenic and knockout models
- Humanized mice
- Experimental disease models
- Ethical considerations
11 Clinical Immunology 4 topics
1 Vaccines
- Principles of vaccination
- Types of vaccines
- Herd immunity
- Vaccine adjuvants
2 Transplantation Immunology
- Histocompatibility
- Graft rejection mechanisms
- Immunosuppressive therapies
- Tolerance induction strategies
3 Immunotherapy
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Checkpoint inhibitors
- CAR-T cell therapy
- Cytokine therapies
4 Diagnostic Immunology
- Serological testing
- Autoantibody detection
- Immunophenotyping
- Allergy testing
12 Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions 4 topics
1 Nervous System and Immunity
- Neural regulation of immune responses
- Neurotransmitters and immune function
- Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway
2 Endocrine System and Immunity
- Hormonal influence on immune cells
- Stress responses and immunity
- Sex hormones and immune dimorphism
3 Circadian Rhythm and Immunity
- Circadian control of immune function
- Sleep and immune regulation
- Chronotherapy applications
4 Psychoneuroimmunology
- Stress and immune function
- Placebo effects on immunity
- Behavioral conditioning of immune responses
13 Comparative Immunology 4 topics
1 Evolutionary Immunology
- Origin and evolution of immune systems
- Convergent and divergent immune mechanisms
- Conservation of immune pathways
2 Invertebrate Immunity
- Pattern recognition systems
- Antimicrobial peptides
- Cellular immune responses
3 Immune Systems Across Vertebrates
- Fish immune systems
- Amphibian immunity
- Reptilian immunity
- Avian immunity
4 Unique Immune Adaptations
- Extreme environments and immunity
- Hibernation and immune function
- Regeneration and immunity
14 Immunogenetics and Immunogenomics 4 topics
1 Genetics of Immune Response
- Major histocompatibility complex genetics
- Immunoglobulin gene organization
- T cell receptor gene organization
- Cytokine and receptor polymorphisms
2 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
- SNPs in immune-related diseases
- Genome-wide association studies (GWAS)
- Pharmacogenomics in immunotherapy
3 Epigenetics in Immunity
- DNA methylation
- Histone modifications
- Non-coding RNAs
- Trained immunity
4 Systems Immunology
- Network analysis of immune responses
- Computational modeling
- Multi-omics integration
- Machine learning applications
15 Emerging Topics and Future Directions 4 topics
1 Tissue Residency and Immunity
- Tissue-resident memory T cells
- Tissue-specific immune regulation
- Local immune networks
2 Metabolic Regulation of Immunity
- Immunometabolism
- Metabolic programming of immune cells
- Nutrient sensing and immune function
3 Aging and Immunosenescence
- Immune system changes with age
- Inflammaging
- Rejuvenation strategies
4 Precision Immunology
- Personalized immunotherapies
- Biomarkers for immune response
- Patient stratification approaches
- Emerging technologies in immunology
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