"very good for active recall and repetition"
349
Sub Topics
1,069
MCQs
503
MCOs
764
True/False
421
Fill Blanks
181
Rearrange
414
Matching
242
Comprehensions
398
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Biochemistry 3 topics
1 Definition and Scope of Biochemistry
- Historical Development of Biochemistry
- Relationship to Other Sciences
- Importance in Medicine and Biotechnology
2 Cellular Organization
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
- Subcellular Compartments and Organelles
- Cell Membranes and Transport
3 Chemical Foundations
- Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding
- Water and Biological Systems
- Acid-Base Chemistry
- Buffers and pH Regulation
02 Biomolecules I: Amino Acids and Proteins 5 topics
1 Amino Acids
- Structure and Classification
- Acid-Base Properties
- Modified and Unusual Amino Acids
2 Peptide Bond Formation
- Chemistry of Peptide Bonds
- Oligopeptides and Polypeptides
3 Protein Structure
- Primary Structure
- Secondary Structure (α-helices, β-sheets)
- Tertiary Structure and Protein Folding
- Quaternary Structure
- Protein Domains and Motifs
4 Protein Function
- Structure-Function Relationships
- Ligand Binding and Conformational Changes
- Protein-Protein Interactions
5 Protein Purification and Analysis
- Chromatography Techniques
- Electrophoresis Methods
- Mass Spectrometry
- Protein Sequencing Methods
03 Biomolecules II: Carbohydrates 4 topics
1 Monosaccharides
- Structure and Stereochemistry
- Cyclic Forms and Mutarotation
- Modified Monosaccharides
2 Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides
- Glycosidic Bonds
- Common Disaccharides (Lactose, Sucrose, Maltose)
- Reducing vs. Non-reducing Sugars
3 Polysaccharides
- Homopolysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose)
- Heteropolysaccharides
- Structural vs. Storage Polysaccharides
4 Glycoconjugates
- Glycoproteins and Proteoglycans
- Glycolipids
- Biological Roles
04 Biomolecules III: Lipids 5 topics
1 Fatty Acids
- Structure and Nomenclature
- Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- Essential Fatty Acids
2 Triglycerides and Waxes
- Structure and Properties
- Storage Functions
3 Membrane Lipids
- Phospholipids
- Sphingolipids
- Cholesterol and Steroids
- Lipid Bilayers and Membranes
4 Lipoproteins
- Structure and Classification
- Roles in Lipid Transport
5 Eicosanoids and Other Lipid Messengers
- Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes
- Steroid Hormones
- Fat-Soluble Vitamins
05 Biomolecules IV: Nucleic Acids 4 topics
1 Nucleotides and Nucleosides
- Structure and Nomenclature
- Purine and Pyrimidine Bases
- Modified Nucleotides
2 DNA Structure
- Primary Structure and Phosphodiester Bonds
- Double Helix and Base Pairing
- Alternative DNA Structures (Z-DNA, Triple Helix)
- Supercoiling and Topoisomerases
3 RNA Structure
- Types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
- Secondary and Tertiary RNA Structures
- Catalytic RNA (Ribozymes)
4 Nucleic Acid-Protein Interactions
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- RNA-Binding Proteins
06 Enzymes 6 topics
1 Enzyme Classification and Nomenclature
- Six Major Classes of Enzymes
- Naming Conventions
2 Enzyme Kinetics
- Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
- Lineweaver-Burk and Other Plots
- Multi-substrate Reactions
- Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency
3 Enzyme Inhibition
- Competitive Inhibition
- Noncompetitive Inhibition
- Uncompetitive Inhibition
- Mixed Inhibition
- Irreversible Inhibition
4 Enzyme Catalysis Mechanisms
- Proximity and Orientation Effects
- Acid-Base Catalysis
- Covalent Catalysis
- Metal Ion Catalysis
5 Regulation of Enzyme Activity
- Allosteric Regulation
- Covalent Modification
- Zymogen Activation
- Isozymes
6 Coenzymes and Cofactors
- Metal Cofactors
- Organic Cofactors
- Vitamins as Coenzyme Precursors
07 Bioenergetics and Metabolism 3 topics
1 Principles of Bioenergetics
- Laws of Thermodynamics
- Free Energy and Spontaneity
- High-Energy Compounds
- Redox Reactions in Biochemistry
2 ATP and Energy Currency
- ATP Structure and Hydrolysis
- Other High-Energy Phosphates
- Energy Coupling
3 Overview of Metabolism
- Catabolic vs. Anabolic Pathways
- Metabolic Integration
- Metabolic Regulation
08 Carbohydrate Metabolism 5 topics
1 Glycolysis
- Reactions and Enzymes
- Energy Yield
- Regulation
- Anaerobic Fate of Pyruvate
2 Gluconeogenesis
- Bypass Reactions
- Precursors and Substrates
- Regulation and Energy Cost
3 Pentose Phosphate Pathway
- Oxidative Phase
- Non-oxidative Phase
- Metabolic Significance
4 Glycogen Metabolism
- Glycogenesis
- Glycogenolysis
- Regulation by Hormones
- Glycogen Storage Diseases
5 Alternative Carbohydrate Pathways
- Fructose Metabolism
- Galactose Metabolism
- Amino Sugar Metabolism
09 Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative Phosphorylation 5 topics
1 Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex
- Structure and Components
- Reaction Mechanism
- Regulation
2 Citric Acid Cycle (TCA Cycle)
- Reactions and Enzymes
- Energy Yield
- Regulation
- Anaplerotic Reactions
3 Electron Transport Chain
- Components and Organization
- Electron Carriers
- Proton Pumping
- Inhibitors and Uncouplers
4 Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Chemiosmotic Theory
- ATP Synthase Structure and Mechanism
- P/O Ratio and ATP Yield
5 Mitochondrial Transport Systems
- Shuttles (Malate-Aspartate, Glycerol-3-Phosphate)
- Metabolite Transporters
10 Lipid Metabolism 7 topics
1 Fatty Acid Oxidation
- Activation and Transport
- β-Oxidation Pathway
- Energy Yield
- Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids
- α- and ω-Oxidation
2 Ketone Bodies
- Synthesis
- Utilization
- Ketoacidosis
3 Fatty Acid Synthesis
- Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase
- Fatty Acid Synthase Complex
- Elongation and Desaturation
- Regulation
4 Triacylglycerol Metabolism
- Synthesis
- Lipolysis
- Hormonal Regulation
5 Phospholipid Metabolism
- Synthesis Pathways
- Phospholipases
- Phospholipid Remodeling
6 Cholesterol Metabolism
- Biosynthesis
- Regulation
- Bile Acid Formation
- Steroid Hormone Synthesis
7 Lipoprotein Metabolism
- Structure and Classification
- Metabolism and Transport
- Dyslipidemias
11 Amino Acid Metabolism 5 topics
1 Protein Turnover
- Protein Degradation Pathways
- Ubiquitin-Proteasome System
- Lysosomal Degradation
2 Amino Acid Degradation
- Transamination and Deamination
- Urea Cycle
- Fate of Carbon Skeletons
- One-Carbon Metabolism
3 Amino Acid Biosynthesis
- Essential vs. Non-essential Amino Acids
- Biosynthetic Families
- Regulation
4 Amino Acid Derivatives
- Neurotransmitters
- Hormones
- Other Physiological Compounds
5 Inborn Errors of Amino Acid Metabolism
- Phenylketonuria
- Maple Syrup Urine Disease
- Other Disorders
12 Nucleotide Metabolism 5 topics
1 Purine Metabolism
- De Novo Synthesis
- Salvage Pathways
- Degradation and Uric Acid Formation
2 Pyrimidine Metabolism
- De Novo Synthesis
- Salvage Pathways
- Degradation
3 Deoxyribonucleotide Synthesis
- Ribonucleotide Reduction
- Thymidylate Synthesis
4 Nucleotide Metabolism Disorders
- Gout
- Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome
- Other Disorders
5 Nucleotide Analogs in Medicine
- Anticancer Agents
- Antiviral Agents
13 Integration of Metabolism 5 topics
1 Metabolic Profiles of Major Organs
- Liver
- Muscle
- Adipose Tissue
- Brain
- Kidney
2 Fed-Fasting Cycle
- Postprandial State
- Post-absorptive State
- Starvation
3 Hormonal Regulation
- Insulin and Glucagon
- Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
- Cortisol and Growth Hormone
4 Metabolic Adaptations
- Exercise
- Pregnancy and Lactation
- Aging
5 Metabolic Disorders
- Diabetes Mellitus
- Metabolic Syndrome
- Obesity
14 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination 4 topics
1 DNA Replication
- Replication Fork
- DNA Polymerases
- Replication Initiation
- Leading and Lagging Strand Synthesis
- Replication Termination
- Telomere Replication
2 DNA Damage
- Types of DNA Damage
- Mutagenic Agents
3 DNA Repair
- Direct Repair
- Base Excision Repair
- Nucleotide Excision Repair
- Mismatch Repair
- Double-Strand Break Repair
4 DNA Recombination
- Homologous Recombination
- Site-Specific Recombination
- Transposition
15 Transcription and RNA Processing 4 topics
1 Transcription in Prokaryotes
- RNA Polymerase
- Promoters and Initiation
- Elongation and Termination
- Transcriptional Regulation
2 Transcription in Eukaryotes
- RNA Polymerases (I, II, III)
- Promoters and Enhancers
- Transcription Factors
- Initiation, Elongation, and Termination
3 RNA Processing
- 5' Capping
- 3' Polyadenylation
- RNA Splicing and Spliceosome
- Alternative Splicing
- RNA Editing
4 Non-coding RNAs
- rRNA Processing
- tRNA Processing
- miRNAs and siRNAs
- lncRNAs
16 Translation and Protein Processing 6 topics
1 Genetic Code
- Codon-Anticodon Pairing
- Degeneracy and Wobble
- Variations in Different Organisms
2 tRNA and Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
- tRNA Structure
- Charging of tRNAs
- Specificity Mechanisms
3 Ribosome Structure
- Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Ribosomes
- Ribosomal RNAs and Proteins
- Functional Sites
4 Translation Process
- Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
- Recycling
5 Post-translational Modifications
- Proteolytic Processing
- Glycosylation
- Phosphorylation
- Other Modifications
6 Protein Targeting and Sorting
- Signal Sequences
- Protein Translocation
- Organelle-Specific Targeting
17 Regulation of Gene Expression 5 topics
1 Prokaryotic Gene Regulation
- Operon Model
- Positive and Negative Regulation
- Catabolite Repression
- Attenuation
2 Eukaryotic Transcriptional Regulation
- Chromatin Structure and Remodeling
- Histone Modifications
- DNA Methylation
- Transcription Factors and Coactivators
- Enhancers and Silencers
3 Post-transcriptional Regulation
- mRNA Stability
- RNA Interference
- Alternative Splicing Regulation
4 Translational Regulation
- Initiation Factor Regulation
- RNA-Binding Proteins
- Upstream Open Reading Frames
5 Post-translational Regulation
- Protein Degradation
- Allosteric Regulation
- Covalent Modifications
18 Signal Transduction 5 topics
1 Principles of Cell Signaling
- Types of Signaling (Autocrine, Paracrine, Endocrine)
- Signal Amplification and Integration
- Desensitization and Adaptation
2 Receptors and their Mechanisms
- G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Ion Channel Receptors
- Nuclear Receptors
3 Second Messengers
- Cyclic AMP
- Calcium
- Inositol Phosphates
- Diacylglycerol
4 Signal Transduction Pathways
- MAP Kinase Pathways
- JAK-STAT Pathway
- PI3K-Akt Pathway
- NF-κB Pathway
- Wnt Signaling
- Notch Signaling
5 Cross-talk Between Pathways
- Scaffold Proteins
- Compartmentalization
- Integration of Signals
19 Molecular Basis of Human Diseases 5 topics
1 Genetic Disorders
- Single Gene Disorders
- Chromosomal Disorders
- Multifactorial Inheritance
2 Metabolic Disorders
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism
- Acquired Metabolic Disorders
3 Cancer Biochemistry
- Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressors
- Cell Cycle Regulation
- Apoptosis and Cancer
- Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer
- Metastasis
4 Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Protein Misfolding and Aggregation
- Alzheimer's Disease
- Parkinson's Disease
- Huntington's Disease
5 Cardiovascular Diseases
- Atherosclerosis
- Lipid Metabolism Disorders
- Hypertension
20 Biochemical Methods and Technologies 6 topics
1 Spectroscopic Methods
- UV-Visible Spectroscopy
- Fluorescence Spectroscopy
- Circular Dichroism
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
- X-ray Crystallography
2 Separation Methods
- Centrifugation
- Chromatography Techniques
- Electrophoresis
3 Molecular Biology Techniques
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- DNA Sequencing
- Cloning and Expression Systems
- Gene Editing (CRISPR-Cas)
4 Proteomics
- Mass Spectrometry
- Protein Microarrays
- Protein-Protein Interaction Analysis
5 Genomics and Transcriptomics
- Next-Generation Sequencing
- RNA-Seq
- Bioinformatics Tools
6 Metabolomics
- Metabolite Profiling
- Flux Analysis
- Metabolic Pathway Analysis
21 Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry 6 topics
1 Recombinant DNA Technology
- Vectors and Host Systems
- Expression and Purification
- Industrial Applications
2 Enzyme Technology
- Enzyme Immobilization
- Enzyme Engineering
- Industrial Enzymes
3 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry
- Drug Discovery
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
- Protein Therapeutics
4 Medical Biotechnology
- Vaccines
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Gene Therapy
- Stem Cell Technology
5 Agricultural Biotechnology
- Genetically Modified Organisms
- Plant Biochemistry
- Biopesticides and Biofertilizers
6 Environmental Biochemistry
- Bioremediation
- Biodegradation
- Renewable Energy Applications
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Biochemistry
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