Understand global trade agreements and investment law
196
Sub Topics
496
MCQs
255
MCOs
416
True/False
233
Fill Blanks
74
Rearrange
207
Matching
124
Comprehensions
211
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to International Trade Law 3 topics
1 Historical Development of International Trade Law
- From Lex Mercatoria to Modern Trade Law
- Evolution of the GATT/WTO System
2 Sources of International Trade Law
- Treaties and Conventions
- Customary International Law
- Soft Law Instruments
- Domestic Legislation
3 Theoretical Frameworks
- Free Trade vs. Protectionism
- Comparative Advantage Theory
- Economic Analysis of Trade Law
02 The World Trade Organization 4 topics
1 Institutional Structure
- Ministerial Conference
- General Council
- Dispute Settlement Body
- Specialized Councils and Committees
2 WTO Principles
- Most Favored Nation (MFN) Principle
- National Treatment Principle
- Transparency Requirements
- Special and Differential Treatment
3 Accession Process
- Requirements and Procedures
- Bilateral Negotiations
- Protocol of Accession
4 Decision-Making in the WTO
- Consensus Approach
- Ministerial Declarations
- Waivers and Amendments
03 GATT 1994 and Trade in Goods 4 topics
1 Tariff Commitments
- Tariff Bindings
- Tariff Reduction Negotiations
- Tariff Classification Issues
2 Non-Tariff Barriers
- Quotas and Import Restrictions
- Import Licensing
- Customs Valuation
- Pre-shipment Inspection
3 Rules of Origin
- Preferential vs. Non-Preferential Rules
- Substantial Transformation Test
- Regional Content Requirements
4 Balance of Payments Exceptions
- Conditions for Invocation
- Notification Requirements
- Committee Review Process
04 Trade Remedies 3 topics
1 Anti-Dumping Measures
- Determination of Dumping
- Calculation of Dumping Margins
- Injury Determination
- Causation Analysis
- Sunset Reviews
2 Countervailing Duties
- Definition of Subsidies
- Specificity Requirements
- Material Injury Test
- Procedural Requirements
3 Safeguard Measures
- Increased Imports Requirement
- Serious Injury Determination
- Causation Requirements
- Duration and Compensation
05 Trade in Services (GATS) 4 topics
1 Scope and Coverage
- Four Modes of Supply
- MFN Obligation
- Specific Commitments
2 Market Access and National Treatment
- Schedule of Commitments
- Limitations and Conditions
- Progressive Liberalization
3 Domestic Regulation
- Qualification Requirements
- Technical Standards
- Licensing Requirements
4 Sector-Specific Annexes
- Financial Services
- Telecommunications
- Air Transport
- Movement of Natural Persons
06 Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 4 topics
1 Minimum Standards of Protection
- Copyright and Related Rights
- Trademarks and Service Marks
- Geographical Indications
- Industrial Designs
- Patents
- Layout-Designs of Integrated Circuits
- Protection of Undisclosed Information
2 Enforcement Procedures
- Civil and Administrative Procedures
- Border Measures
- Criminal Procedures
3 Technology Transfer
- Objectives and Principles
- Least-Developed Countries Provisions
4 Public Health and Access to Medicines
- Doha Declaration
- Compulsory Licensing
- Paragraph 6 System and Article 31bis
07 Investment Measures (TRIMS) 3 topics
1 Prohibited Investment Measures
- Local Content Requirements
- Trade Balancing Requirements
- Foreign Exchange Restrictions
- Export Restrictions
2 Notification and Elimination Requirements
- Transition Periods
- Extensions for Developing Countries
3 Relationship with Bilateral Investment Treaties
- Overlap and Potential Conflicts
- Most-Favored-Nation Implications
08 WTO Dispute Settlement System 4 topics
1 Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU)
- Jurisdiction and Standing
- Consultations
- Panel Establishment
- Appellate Review
2 Remedies and Implementation
- Recommendations and Rulings
- Reasonable Period for Implementation
- Compliance Proceedings
- Suspension of Concessions (Retaliation)
3 Special Procedures
- Expedited Procedures
- Third Party Participation
- Amicus Curiae Submissions
- Expert Review Groups
4 Reform Proposals
- Appellate Body Crisis
- Proposed Amendments to the DSU
- Alternative Dispute Resolution
09 Regional Trade Agreements 4 topics
1 Legal Framework
- GATT Article XXIV
- Enabling Clause
- GATS Article V
2 Types of Regional Integration
- Free Trade Areas
- Customs Unions
- Common Markets
- Economic Unions
3 Major Regional Trade Agreements
- European Union
- USMCA (formerly NAFTA)
- ASEAN Free Trade Area
- African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
- Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
4 Multilateralism vs. Regionalism
- "Spaghetti Bowl" Effect
- Building Blocks or Stumbling Blocks Debate
10 Trade and Environmental Protection 4 topics
1 WTO Rules and Environmental Measures
- GATT Article XX Exceptions
- Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
- Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)
2 Multilateral Environmental Agreements
- Relationship with WTO Rules
- Conflicts and Coherence
3 Process and Production Methods (PPMs)
- Product vs. Process Distinction
- Eco-labeling
4 Climate Change and Trade
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanisms
- Renewable Energy Subsidies
- Environmental Goods Agreement
11 Trade and Labor Standards 4 topics
1 Labor Provisions in Trade Agreements
- Evolution and Models
- Enforcement Mechanisms
2 WTO and Labor Standards
- Singapore Ministerial Declaration
- Relationship with ILO
3 Social Clauses
- Minimum Standards Approach
- Linkage to Trade Benefits
4 Child Labor and Forced Labor
- Import Prohibitions
- Due Diligence Requirements
12 Digital Trade and E-Commerce 4 topics
1 Classification Issues
- Goods vs. Services
- Mode of Supply Questions
2 Customs Duties on Electronic Transmissions
- Moratorium on E-Commerce Duties
- Permanent vs. Temporary Status
3 Data Localization and Cross-Border Data Flows
- Restrictions and Justifications
- National Security Exceptions
4 Digital Trade Provisions in RTAs
- Source Code Protection
- Consumer Protection
- E-Authentication and E-Signatures
13 Trade Facilitation 4 topics
1 Trade Facilitation Agreement
- Expedited Release of Goods
- Publication and Availability of Information
- Advance Rulings
- Appeal Procedures
2 Single Window Systems
- Implementation Models
- Legal Framework
3 Authorized Economic Operators
- Certification Requirements
- Benefits and Mutual Recognition
4 Special and Differential Treatment Provisions
- Categories A, B, and C Commitments
- Technical Assistance and Capacity Building
14 Public Procurement 4 topics
1 Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
- Coverage and Scope
- National Treatment and Non-Discrimination
- Procedural Requirements
2 Thresholds and Exclusions
- Monetary Thresholds
- Security and Defense Exceptions
- Development Considerations
3 Enforcement and Remedies
- Domestic Review Procedures
- Challenge Procedures
4 Procurement Provisions in FTAs
- Expanding GPA Obligations
- Developing Country Perspectives
15 Competition Policy and Trade 4 topics
1 Interface Between Trade and Competition
- Market Access Barriers
- Private Anti-Competitive Practices
2 Competition Provisions in RTAs
- Substantive Obligations
- Cooperation Mechanisms
3 Export Cartels
- Exemptions Under National Law
- International Coordination
4 State-Owned Enterprises
- Competitive Neutrality
- Subsidy Disciplines
16 National Security and Trade 4 topics
1 Security Exceptions
- GATT Article XXI
- GATS Article XIVbis
- TRIPS Article 73
2 Investment Screening
- National Security Reviews
- Critical Infrastructure Protection
3 Export Controls
- Dual-Use Technologies
- Multilateral Export Control Regimes
4 Sanctions and Embargoes
- Unilateral vs. Multilateral Measures
- Extraterritorial Application
17 Development Dimension of Trade Law 4 topics
1 Special and Differential Treatment
- Legal Basis
- Implementation Challenges
2 Aid for Trade
- Capacity Building
- Technical Assistance
3 Preferential Schemes
- Generalized System of Preferences
- Everything But Arms
- AGOA
4 Least-Developed Countries
- Special Provisions
- Graduation Process
18 Future Challenges in International Trade Law 4 topics
1 WTO Reform
- Institutional Reform Proposals
- Negotiation Function Revival
2 New Issues in Trade Regulation
- Investment Facilitation
- MSMEs Integration
- Gender and Trade
3 Geopolitical Tensions and Trade
- Economic Security Concerns
- Strategic Autonomy and Resilience
4 Sustainable Development Goals
- Trade as an Implementation Tool
- Policy Coherence
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