Study government finance and public budgeting
211
Sub Topics
596
MCQs
290
MCOs
446
True/False
237
Fill Blanks
78
Rearrange
230
Matching
124
Comprehensions
224
Flashcard Decks
Curriculum
What You'll Learn
01 Introduction to Public Finance 4 topics
1 Nature and Scope of Public Finance
- Definition and Characteristics
- Public Finance vs. Private Finance
- Historical Development of Public Finance
2 Economic Functions of Government
- Allocation Function
- Distribution Function
- Stabilization Function
- Growth and Development Function
3 Theoretical Foundations of Public Finance
- Public Goods Theory
- Market Failure Concept
- Public Choice Theory
4 Public Finance in Developing vs. Developed Economies
- Structural Differences
- Developmental Priorities
02 Public Revenue 5 topics
1 Sources of Public Revenue
- Tax Revenue
- Non-Tax Revenue
- Capital Receipts
2 Principles of Taxation
- Canonical Principles (Equity, Certainty, Convenience, Economy)
- Modern Principles (Neutrality, Simplicity, Economic Growth)
- Maximum Social Advantage
3 Classification of Taxes
- Direct vs. Indirect Taxes
- Progressive, Proportional, and Regressive Taxes
- Specific vs. Ad Valorem Taxes
4 Major Tax Systems
- Income Tax (Personal and Corporate)
- Property Tax
- Value Added Tax/Sales Tax
- Excise Duties
- Customs Duties
- Capital Gains Tax
5 Modern Tax Issues
- International Tax Competition
- Digital Taxation
- Environmental Taxes
- Wealth Taxes
03 Tax Incidence and Effects 4 topics
1 Theory of Tax Incidence
- Formal vs. Effective Incidence
- Partial Equilibrium Analysis
- General Equilibrium Analysis
2 Shifting and Impact of Taxes
- Forward and Backward Shifting
- Factors Affecting Tax Shifting
- Measurement of Tax Burden
3 Economic Effects of Taxation
- Effects on Production
- Effects on Distribution
- Effects on Consumption
- Effects on Savings and Investment
4 Excess Burden of Taxation
- Deadweight Loss Concept
- Measurement of Excess Burden
- Minimizing Excess Burden
04 Public Expenditure 5 topics
1 Theories of Public Expenditure
- Wagner's Law
- Peacock-Wiseman Hypothesis
- Baumol's Cost Disease
2 Classification of Public Expenditure
- Functional Classification
- Economic Classification
- Cross-Classification Approach
3 Growth of Public Expenditure
- Historical Trends
- Causes of Growth
- Control Mechanisms
4 Effects of Public Expenditure
- Effects on Production
- Effects on Distribution
- Effects on Economic Stability
- Effects on Economic Growth
5 Evaluation of Public Expenditure
- Performance Budgeting
- Zero-Based Budgeting
- Outcome Budgeting
05 Public Debt and Fiscal Deficit 5 topics
1 Nature and Types of Public Debt
- Internal vs. External Debt
- Marketable vs. Non-Marketable Debt
- Short-term vs. Long-term Debt
2 Theories of Public Debt
- Classical Theory
- Keynesian Theory
- Ricardian Equivalence
3 Public Debt Management
- Objectives of Debt Management
- Debt Servicing
- Debt Retirement
- Debt Restructuring
4 Fiscal Deficit
- Types of Deficits (Primary, Revenue, Fiscal)
- Measurement of Deficits
- Financing of Deficits
5 Economic Effects of Public Debt
- Effects on Consumption
- Effects on Investment
- Intergenerational Equity Issues
- Debt Sustainability Analysis
06 Fiscal Policy 5 topics
1 Objectives and Instruments of Fiscal Policy
- Economic Stabilization
- Resource Allocation
- Economic Growth
- Income Distribution
2 Types of Fiscal Policy
- Expansionary Fiscal Policy
- Contractionary Fiscal Policy
- Neutral Fiscal Policy
3 Fiscal Policy and Economic Stabilization
- Built-in Stabilizers
- Discretionary Fiscal Policy
- Timing Issues in Fiscal Policy
4 Fiscal Policy Coordination
- Fiscal-Monetary Policy Coordination
- International Fiscal Coordination
- Federal-State Fiscal Relations
5 Fiscal Rules and Fiscal Responsibility
- Balanced Budget Rules
- Debt Ceiling Rules
- Expenditure Rules
- Fiscal Responsibility Legislation
07 Fiscal Federalism 5 topics
1 Theory of Fiscal Federalism
- First-Generation Theory
- Second-Generation Theory
- Principles of Assignment of Functions
2 Assignment of Taxing Powers
- Criteria for Tax Assignment
- Tax Competition vs. Tax Harmonization
- Issues in Overlapping Tax Jurisdictions
3 Intergovernmental Fiscal Transfers
- Types of Transfers (Conditional, Unconditional)
- Formula-Based vs. Discretionary Transfers
- Equalization Transfers
4 Local Government Finance
- Sources of Local Revenue
- Local Expenditure Responsibilities
- Municipal Borrowing
5 Fiscal Decentralization
- Benefits and Costs
- Measuring Fiscal Decentralization
- International Experiences
08 Public Budgeting 5 topics
1 Budget Concepts and Principles
- Budget Definition and Characteristics
- Budget Functions
- Budgetary Principles
2 Budget Systems
- Line-Item Budgeting
- Performance Budgeting
- Program Budgeting (PPBS)
- Zero-Based Budgeting
- Outcome-Based Budgeting
3 Budget Process
- Budget Preparation
- Budget Legislation
- Budget Execution
- Budget Reporting and Audit
4 Budget Reforms
- Medium-Term Expenditure Framework
- Participatory Budgeting
- Gender Budgeting
- Green Budgeting
5 Budget Analysis and Evaluation
- Financial Analysis
- Economic Analysis
- Policy Analysis
09 Public Economics and Welfare 5 topics
1 Social Welfare Function
- Benthamite Social Welfare Function
- Rawlsian Social Welfare Function
- Social Choice Theory
2 Market Failures and Government Intervention
- Public Goods and Externalities
- Information Asymmetry
- Natural Monopolies
- Income Distribution
3 Cost-Benefit Analysis
- Principles and Methodology
- Shadow Pricing
- Discounting Techniques
- Decision Criteria
4 Public Sector Pricing
- Marginal Cost Pricing
- Average Cost Pricing
- Peak-Load Pricing
- Multi-Part Tariffs
5 Social Insurance and Safety Nets
- Social Security Systems
- Health Insurance
- Unemployment Insurance
- Welfare Programs
10 Public Choice and Political Economy 5 topics
1 Theoretical Foundations
- Rational Choice Theory
- Collective Action Problem
- Median Voter Theorem
2 Political Institutions and Fiscal Outcomes
- Electoral Systems
- Legislative Structure
- Bureaucratic Behavior
3 Rent-Seeking and Interest Groups
- Theory of Rent-Seeking
- Lobbying and Campaign Finance
- Economic Costs of Rent-Seeking
4 Political Business Cycles
- Opportunistic Models
- Partisan Models
- Empirical Evidence
5 Fiscal Illusion and Transparency
- Forms of Fiscal Illusion
- Fiscal Transparency Measures
- Budget Institutions and Fiscal Performance
11 International Public Finance 5 topics
1 International Tax Issues
- Double Taxation
- Tax Havens and Offshore Finance
- Base Erosion and Profit Shifting
- International Tax Cooperation
2 Global Public Goods
- Characteristics and Types
- Financing Mechanisms
- Governance Challenges
3 Foreign Aid and Development Finance
- Types and Sources of Aid
- Aid Effectiveness
- Innovative Financing Mechanisms
4 International Monetary and Financial Institutions
- IMF and World Bank
- Regional Development Banks
- Sovereign Wealth Funds
5 Economic Integration and Fiscal Policy
- Fiscal Aspects of Trade Agreements
- Currency Unions and Fiscal Coordination
- Tax Harmonization Challenges
12 Contemporary Issues in Public Finance 5 topics
1 Public Finance and Economic Crisis
- Fiscal Response to Financial Crises
- Austerity vs. Stimulus Debate
- Fiscal Consolidation Strategies
2 Aging Population and Public Finance
- Demographic Challenges
- Pension System Sustainability
- Healthcare Financing Challenges
3 Public-Private Partnerships
- Models and Structures
- Risk Allocation
- Value for Money Assessment
- Regulatory Framework
4 Digital Economy and Public Finance
- Taxation of Digital Services
- Cryptocurrencies and Tax Implications
- Digital Public Services
5 Climate Change and Green Finance
- Carbon Pricing Mechanisms
- Climate Finance Instruments
- Fiscal Implications of Climate Adaptation
- Green Budgeting and Accounting
13 Public Finance Research Methodology 5 topics
1 Data Sources in Public Finance
- Government Finance Statistics
- National Accounts Data
- Survey Data
2 Quantitative Methods
- Regression Analysis
- Time Series Analysis
- Panel Data Methods
- Computable General Equilibrium Models
3 Qualitative Methods
- Case Studies
- Comparative Analysis
- Historical Analysis
4 Experimental Methods
- Lab Experiments
- Field Experiments
- Natural Experiments
5 Policy Evaluation
- Ex-ante Evaluation
- Ex-post Evaluation
- Impact Assessment
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